1. What is C#?
C# is an object oriented type safe and managed language that is
compiled by .Net framework to generate Microsoft Intermediate Language.
2. What are the types of comment in C# with examples?
Single line
Eg:
[csharp] //This is a Single line comment [/csharp]
ii. Multiple line (/* */)
Eg:
[csharp] /*This is a multiple line comment
We are in line 2
Last line of comment*/[/csharp]
We are in line 2
Last line of comment*/[/csharp]
iii. XML Comments (///).
Eg:
[csharp]/// summary;
/// Set error message for multilingual language.
/// summary [/csharp]
/// Set error message for multilingual language.
/// summary [/csharp]
3.Can multiple catch blocks be executed?
No, Multiple catch blocks can’t be executed. Once the proper
catch code executed, the control is transferred to the finally block and then
the code that follows the finally block gets executed.
4.What is the difference between public, static and void?
All these are access modifiers in C#. Public declared variables
or methods are accessible anywhere in the application. Static declared
variables or methods are globally accessible without creating an instance of
the class. The compiler stores the address of the method as the entry point and
uses this information to begin execution before any objects are created. And
Void is a type modifier that states that the method or variable does not return
any value.
5. What is an object?
An object is an instance of a class through which we access the
methods of that class. “New” keyword is used to create an object. A class that
creates an object in memory will contain the information about the methods,
variables and behavior of that class.
6.Define Constructors?
A constructor is a member function in a class that has the same
name as its class. The constructor is automatically invoked whenever an object
class is created. It constructs the values of data members while initializing
the class.
7.What is Jagged Arrays?
The array which has elements of type array is called jagged
array. The elements can be of different dimensions and sizes. We can also call
jagged array as Array of arrays.
8. What is the difference between ref & out parameters?
An argument passed as ref must be initialized before passing to
the method whereas out parameter needs not to be initialized before passing to
a method.
9.What is the use of using statement in C#?
The using block is used to obtain a resource and use it and then
automatically dispose of when the execution of block completed.
10.What is serialization?
When we want to transport an object through network then we have
to convert the object into a stream of bytes. The process of converting an
object into a stream of bytes is called Serialization. For an object to be
serializable, it should inherit ISerialize Interface.
De-serialization is the reverse process of creating an object from a stream of bytes.
De-serialization is the reverse process of creating an object from a stream of bytes.
11.Can “this” be used within a static method?
We can’t use ‘This’ in a static method because we can only use
static variables/methods in a static method.
12.What is difference between constants and read-only?
Constant variables are declared and initialized at compile time.
The value can’t be changed after wards. Read-only variables will be initialized
only from the Static constructor of the class. Read only is used only when we
want to assign the value at run time.
13.What is an interface class?
Interface is an abstract class which has only public abstract
methods and the methods only have the declaration and not the definition. These
abstract methods must be implemented in the inherited classes.
14.What are value types and reference types?
Value types are stored in the Stack whereas reference types
stored on heap.
Value types:
Value types:
[csharp] int, enum , byte, decimal, double, float, long[/csharp]
Reference Types:
[csharp] string , class, interface, object.[/csharp]
15.What are Custom Control and User Control?
Custom Controls are controls generated as compiled code (Dlls),
those are easier to use and can be added to toolbox. Developers can drag and
drop controls to their web forms. Attributes can be set at design time.
We can easily add custom controls to Multiple Applications (If Shared Dlls), If they are private then we can copy to dll to bin directory of web application and then add reference and can use them.
User Controls are very much similar to ASP include files, and are easy to create. User controls can’t be placed in the toolbox and dragged – dropped from it. They have their design and code behind. The file extension for user controls is ascx.
We can easily add custom controls to Multiple Applications (If Shared Dlls), If they are private then we can copy to dll to bin directory of web application and then add reference and can use them.
User Controls are very much similar to ASP include files, and are easy to create. User controls can’t be placed in the toolbox and dragged – dropped from it. They have their design and code behind. The file extension for user controls is ascx.
16.What are sealed classes in C#?
We create sealed classes when we want to restrict the class to
be inherited. Sealed modifier used to prevent derivation from a class. If we
forcefully specify a sealed class as base class then a compile-time error occurs.
17.What is method overloading?
Method overloading is creating multiple methods with the same
name with unique signatures in the same class. When we compile, the compiler
uses overload resolution to determine the specific method to be invoke.
18.What is the difference between Array and Arraylist?
In an array, we can have items of the same type only. The size
of the array is fixed. An arraylist is similar to an array but it doesn’t have
a fixed size.
19.Can a private virtual method be overridden?
No, because they are not accessible outside the class.
20.Describe the accessibility modifier “protected internal”.
Protected Internal variables/methods are accessible within the
same assembly and also from the classes that are derived from this parent
class.
21. What are the differences between System.String and System.Text.StringBuilder classes?
System.String is immutable. When we modify the value of a string
variable then a new memory is allocated to the new value and the previous
memory allocation released. System.StringBuilder was designed to have concept
of a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed without
allocation separate memory location for the modified string.
22. What’s the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and System.Array.Clone() ?
Using Clone() method, we creates a new array object containing
all the elements in the original array and using CopyTo() method, all the
elements of existing array copies into another existing array. Both the methods
perform a shallow copy.
23. How can we sort the elements of the array in descending order?
Using Sort() methods followed by Reverse() method.
24. Write down the C# syntax to catch exception?
To catch an exception, we use try catch blocks. Catch block can
have parameter of system.Exception type.
Eg:
[csharp]try
{
GetAllData();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
}[/csharp]
{
GetAllData();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
}[/csharp]
In the above example, we can omit the parameter from catch
statement.
25. What’s the difference between an interface and abstract class?
Interfaces have all the methods having only declaration but no
definition. In an abstract class, we can have some concrete methods. In an
interface class, all the methods are public. An abstract class may have private
methods.
26. What is the difference between Finalize() and Dispose() methods?
Dispose() is called when we want for an object to release any
unmanaged resources with them. On the other hand Finalize() is used for the
same purpose but it doesn’t assure the garbage collection of an object.
27. What are circular references?
Circular reference is situation in which two or more resources
are interdependent on each other causes the lock condition and make the
resources unusable.
28. What are generics in C#.NET?
Generics are used to make reusable code classes to decrease the
code redundancy, increase type safety and performance. Using generics, we can
create collection classes. To create generic collection,
System.Collections.Generic namespace should be used instead of classes such as
ArrayList in the System.Collections namespace. Generics promotes the usage of
parameterized types.
29. What is an object pool in .NET?
An object pool is a container having objects ready to be used.
It tracks the object that is currently in use, total number of objects in the
pool. This reduces the overhead of creating and re-creating objects.
30. List down the commonly used types of exceptions in .Net?
ArgumentException,
ArgumentNullException ,
ArgumentOutOfRangeException,
ArithmeticException,
DivideByZeroException ,
OverflowException ,
IndexOutOfRangeException
,InvalidCastException ,
InvalidOperationException ,
IOEndOfStreamException ,
NullReferenceException ,
OutOfMemoryException ,
StackOverflowException
etc.
31.What are Custom Exceptions?
Sometimes there are some errors that need to be handeled as per
user requirements. Custom exceptions are used for them and are used defined
exceptions.
32.What are delegates?
Delegates are same are function pointers in C++ but the only
difference is that they are type safe unlike function pointers. Delegates are
required because they can be used to write much more generic type safe
functions.
33.How do you inherit a class into other class in C#?
Colon is used as inheritance operator in C#. Just place a colon
and then the class name.
[csharp] public class DerivedClass : BaseClass[/csharp]
34.What is the base class in .net from which all the classes are derived from?
[csharp]System.Object[/csharp]
35. What is the difference between method overriding and method overloading?
In method overriding, we change the method definition in the
derived class that changes the method behavior. Method overloading is creating
a method with the same name within the same class having different signatures.
36. What are the different ways a method can be overloaded?
Methods can be overloaded using different data types for
parameter, different order of parameters, and different number of parameters.
37. Why can’t you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface?
In an interface, we have virtual methods that do not have method
definition. All the methods are there to be overridden in the derived class.
That’s why they all are public.
38.How can we set class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being over-ridden?
Declare the class as public and make the method sealed to
prevent it from being overridden.
39. What happens if the inherited interfaces have conflicting method names?
Implement is up to you as the method is inside your own class.
There might be problem when the methods from different interfaces expect
different data, but as far as compiler cares you’re okay.
40. What is the difference between a Struct and a Class?
Structs are value-type variables and classes are reference
types. Structs stored on the stack, causes additional overhead but faster
retrieval. Structs cannot be inherited.
41.How to use nullable types in .Net?
Value types can take either their normal values or a null value.
Such types are called nullable types.
[csharp]Int? someID = null;
If(someID.HasVAlue)
{
}
[/csharp]
If(someID.HasVAlue)
{
}
[/csharp]
42.How we can create an array with non-default values?
We can create an array with non-default values using
Enumerable.Repeat.
43.What is difference between is and as operators in c#?
“is” operator is used to check the compatibility of an object
with a given type and it returns the result as Boolean.
“as” operator is used for casting of object to a type or a
class.
44.What’s a multicast delegate?
A delegate having multiple handlers assigned to it is called
multicast delegate. Each handler is assigned to a method.
45.What are indexers in C# .NET?
Indexers are known as smart arrays in C#. It allows the
instances of a class to be indexed in the same way as array.
Eg:
[csharp]public int this[int index] // Indexer
declaration[/csharp]
46. What is difference between the “throw” and “throw ex” in .NET?
“Throw” statement preserves original error stack whereas “throw
ex” have the stack trace from their throw point. It is always advised to use
“throw” because it provides more accurate error information.
47. What are C# attributes and its significance?
C# provides developers a way to define declarative tags on
certain entities eg. Class, method etc. are called attributes. The attribute’s
information can be retrieved at runtime using Reflection.
48.How to implement singleton design pattern in C#?
In singleton pattern, a class can only have one instance and
provides access point to it globally.
Eg:
[csharp]
Public sealed class Singleton
{
Private static readonly Singleton _instance = new Singleton();
}
[/csharp]
Public sealed class Singleton
{
Private static readonly Singleton _instance = new Singleton();
}
[/csharp]
49.What is the difference between directcast and ctype?
DirectCast is used to convert the type of an object that
requires the run-time type to be the same as the specified type in DirectCast.
Ctype is used for conversion where the conversion is defined
between the expression and the type.
50. Is C# code is managed or unmanaged code?
C# is managed code because Common language runtime can compile
C# code to Intermediate language.